This experiment involves using J.J. Thomson's method to determine the charge-to-mass (e/m) ratio of an electron by observing the electron's behavior in electric and magnetic fields.
1. Set up the cathode ray tube with an electric field and magnetic field.
2. Observe deflection of the electron beam and record measurements.
3. Calculate the e/m ratio using the observed deflection.
This experiment involves measuring the frequency of a sine wave and generating a Lissajous pattern by feeding two signals into the CRO from separate signal generators.
1. Connect the sine-wave signal from the signal generator to the CRO.
2. Feed a second sine-wave signal to the CRO's second input.
3. Adjust the frequency and observe the Lissajous pattern.
In this experiment, we determine the frequency of A.C. mains by measuring the vibration frequency of a wire on a sonometer.
1. Place the sonometer under the influence of the A.C. mains.
2. Adjust tension and length of the wire until resonance is achieved.
3. Calculate the frequency based on resonance conditions.
This experiment involves determining the frequency of a tuning fork by setting up a vibrating string that resonates with it using Melde’s method.
1. Set up the apparatus with the tuning fork and string.
2. Vary the tension in the string to achieve resonance.
3. Calculate the frequency based on the wave characteristics on the string.
Using Monte Carlo simulation, this experiment simulates Brownian motion and charging/discharging processes in RC circuits.
1. Write a simulation code for Brownian motion or RC circuits.
2. Run the simulation and observe the results.
3. Analyze the statistical behavior of the system.
This experiment examines the charging and discharging processes in an RC circuit and determines the time constant.
1. Set up the RC circuit with a capacitor and resistor.
2. Apply voltage and observe the capacitor's charging and discharging.
3. Calculate the time constant from the voltage curve.
The Hall effect experiment demonstrates the generation of a voltage difference in a conductor when subjected to a magnetic field.
1. Connect the conductor to a current source and apply a magnetic field.
2. Measure the voltage difference across the conductor.
3. Calculate the Hall coefficient based on measurements.
This experiment involves verifying Stefan’s Law, which relates to the power radiated by a black body to its temperature.
1. Set up a black body radiator and measure its temperature.
2. Measure the power radiated at various temperatures.
3. Plot the results to verify the relationship as per Stefan's Law.
This experiment measures the energy band gap of a semiconductor using the four-probe method and examining the variation of reverse saturation current with temperature.
1. Set up the four-probe apparatus with the semiconductor sample.
2. Measure the current at different temperatures.
3. Analyze the data to determine the energy band gap.
This experiment focuses on examining the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a Zener diode, which operates in reverse bias.
1. Connect the Zener diode in reverse bias in a circuit.
2. Vary the voltage and record the current.
3. Plot the I-V curve to analyze the Zener breakdown region.
This experiment measures the thermal conductivity of a poor conductor using Lee's disk method, which involves measuring the heat flow through the material.
1. Set up the Lee's disk apparatus with the poor conductor.
2. Heat the disk and measure the temperature difference.
3. Calculate thermal conductivity based on heat flow measurements.
This experiment studies the thermoelectric EMF produced by a thermocouple and measures resistance using a platinum resistance thermometer.
1. Connect the thermocouple and measure the temperature.
2. Record the EMF generated at different temperatures.
3. Use the resistance thermometer to measure and compare resistance values.